Chapter 10. Taxonomy
1. What is taxonomy? Why is it important?
2. Discuss the limitations of a two-kingdom classification system.
3. What is the concept of binomial classification?
4. What is the hierachy among taxonomical groups (class, order, etc)
5. What is the Bergey’s manual? What is the difference between phenetic and phylogenetic
    classification systems?
6. Understand the three Kingdom of classification. How this new classification was done?
7. Be able to provide at least three differences between Archae, Bacteria and Eukaryotes.
8.  What is a molecular clock? What are the characteristics that make a molecule a good candidate as a
    molecular clock?
9. Be able to understand at least one method of molecular classification. What is DNA probing? How
    DNA probing is different from DNA hybridization?
10. Differentiate between a dichotomous key and a cladogram.
 

Chapter 11.
1. You must be able to understand the life cycle of the protozoa (Plasmodium) seen in class. What are
    the different developmental stages? What organs in humans are infected?
2. You must be able to understand the life cycle of the nematode (pinworms) and flukes (lungworm)
    described in class.  How infection takes place? What are the different developmental stages? What
    are the human organs infected? What are the intermediate host and a definitive hosts?
3. Be able to understand the infection load between protozoan and parasitic helminths.
4. Provide a rationale for the elaborate life cycles of parasitic worms.
5. Define arthropod vector. Be able to differentiate between a tick and a mosquito, and name a disease
    transmitted by each.

Chapter 14. Disease and Epidemiology
1. Define pathogen, etiology, infection, and disease.
2. Know what is meant by normal flora and what parts of the body would be expected to have normal
    flora and what parts of the body would be expected to be sterile.
3. Know in what ways normal flora is desirable and or protective.
4. Know those situations where normal flora can lead to opportunistic infections. In this context, know
    what is meant by a nosocomial infection and why nosocomial infections have become so important in
    today’s society. Specifically, why is it that many more people today die of nosocomial infections due
    to opportunistic pathogens than die of infectious disease from strong pathogens.
5. Be familiar with symbiosis and its outcomes. Be able to justify a particular symbiosis of the normal
    flora with the human host as mutualistic, commensalistic or parasitic.
6. Be able to provide examples of opportunistic pathogens
7. Be familiar with Koch’s postulates and explain why they are not universal.
8. Be able to describe the terms etiology and etiologic agent.
9. Be familiar with disease classification (communicable vs non-communicable) and provide examples.
10. Be familiar with the signs and symptoms of a disease.
11. Learn the classification of a disease based on its frequency: sporadic, endemic, etc. and provide at
    least one example.
12. Learn the terms that epidemiology uses to track the number of cases and their frequency in a
    population (incidence, prevalence).
13. Be familiar with terms used to describe the severity or duration of a disease: acute vs chronic, and
    chronic. Do not forget to include local vs systemic and to become familiar with terms such as
    bacteria and septicemia.
14. Define herd immunity (not covered in class).
15. Be familiar with the stages in the development of a disease based on signs/symptoms: incubation,
    prodromal, etc.
16. Identify four predisposing factors for disease.
17. Know what is meant by the reservoir of infection for a particular pathogen and be able to give
    specific examples for each of them.
18. Contrast human, animal, and nonliving reservoirs, and give one example of each.
19. Be able to define and give examples of the terms pathogenicity and virulence.
20. Be familiar with the transmission of a disease: (provide examples and be able to match them)
     a) Contact, indirect through a fomite and droplet transmission
     b) Airborne, waterborne, foodborne
     c) Mechanical and biological vectors.
21. List a couple of probable reasons for emerging infectious diseases, and name one example for each
    reason (not covered in class).
22. Define epidemiology.  Define the following terms: incidence, morbidity, and notifiable disease.

Chapter 15. Microbial pathogenicity
1. Be familiar with portals of entry and portals of exit. Provide examples.
2. Be able to describe the process of disease development from initial entry into the body until
    clearance of microorganisms occurs or disease develops.
3. Why microorganisms need to adhere? What is an ID50 or LD50?
4. Be familiar with how bacteria can avoid the immune system?
5. Compare the effects of leukocidins, hemolysins, coagulases, kinases, hyaluronidase, and collagenase.
6. Be familiar with the virulence mechanism of several pathogens: toxins, exo- and endo-toxins.
7. Be familiar with how these two types of toxins differ and provide examples.
8. Know how the model for exotoxins works? How diphtheria toxin, botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin,
    cholera toxin, work?
9. We will cover briefly how viruses can cause damage to cells…cytopathic effects.
10. Be familiar with cytopathic effects of viral infections.
 

GOOD LUCK!!!