Bio 205 – study aid for exam #1

Bio 205 – study aid for exam #1

Note that this list is ONLY a study aid and is by no means inclusive of all material covered. Material listed in blue is required although it was not covered in class.

Chapter 1. Survey of Microbiology

· What are the microorganisms associated with microbiology?

· Which are living? Which are considered non-living?

· What % of microorganisms is pathogenic?

· Why is microbiology important? What is the impact of microbes on daily life?

History

What were the contributions by:

· a) Hooke, b) Leeuwenhoek, c) Schwann, d) Redi, e) Needham, f) Spallanzani, g) Pasteur, h) Lister, i) Semmelweis.

· Whose work attempted to support spontaneous generation?

· Whose work disproved spontaneous generation?

· What is the germ theory?

· What are Koch’s postulates? Why these postulates are not universal?

Vaccination / Immunology

What were the contributions by?

· a) Lady Mari Montagu, b) E. Jenner, c) L. Pasteur (another contribution different from above), d) E. Metchnikoff

Antimicrobial

· Who introduced the term “selective toxicity”?

· Who discovered penicillin? What does penicillin do? What type of organisms does penicillin work against? (these last 2 questions will be answered in future lectures)

· Who developed aseptic technique?

· Who came up with the term “antibiotic”?

Taxonomy

· What is taxonomy? What is its application?

· Provide the different taxonomic hierarchies. What is the most general? What is the most specific?

· Be familiar with the binomial system of classification

· Be familiar with the 5 kingdom of classification and the current classification scheme.

Chapter 3 – Microscopy

· Know conversions from mm to µm, mm to nm (as well as the reverse)

· What is the typical size of a bacterium?

· Know the different parts of a compound microscope.

· Terms to know: resolution, wavelength, resolving power, working distance

· How does working distance change with magnification?

· Why is immersion oil used in microscopy? (list 2 reasons)

· Be able to calculate magnification given ocular & objective powers

· Be able to calculate the resolving power of any of the ocular lens in your microscope.

· Be familiar with the five I’s

· Be familiar with the different types of media: based on physical state, chemical composition and functional type. Remember their application. Focus on examples listed in class.

· Why do we stain bacteria? Why do we fix microorganisms before staining?

· Be familiar with positive and negative stains. From positive stains, be familiar with simple and differential stains (those listed in class) and the organisms identified.

· What is a simple stain? What is a differential stain?

· Give 2 examples of differential stains.

· How do you perform a Gm stain? What is the outcome?

· Give examples of Gm +, Gm-, and acid-fast bacteria.

Chapter 4. Prokaryote Organisms

· Know 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Even better, list 3 unique features of prokaryotes.

· Draw a bacterium and label the different features.

· What are the differences between Gm+, Gm- and acid-fast bacteria?

· What is typical size of bacteria?

· Know shapes and arrangements of bacteria.

· What are the functions of flagella?

· What are different types of flagella?

· What is an axial filament? In what organisms is present?

· What are the components of the flagella? How achieves his forward/backward motion?

· Know the external features of bacteria.

· What is the function of the pilus?

· What is function of fimbriae?

· What are the 2 types of glycocalyx? Their role?

· How do penicillin and lysozyme work?

· Be able to draw and label a Gm +ve and a Gm –ve bacteria ?

· How many major layers/composition of cell wall/cell wall thickness/periplasmic space/examples

· What is the function of the periplasmic space?

· LPS contains 2 components. What are they and what are their functions?

· What bacteria lack cell walls?

· What are protoplasts and spheroblasts? How are they generated?

· List 3 function s of the cell membrane?

· Know the different internal structures of the prokaryotes that were identified during the lecture.

· How is the nucleoid different from that found in eukaryotes? What are plasmids? What bacteria contain inclusions or granules in their cytoplasm?

· Be familiar with ribosomes. How are they different from those in eukaryotes?

· What are different functions of the inclusions?

· Be able to identify two groups of organisms that form endospores. What is the function of the endospore? What is their medical significance?

· Be familiar with the general taxonomic groups in prokaryotes. We have 4 groups but we commonly used the easy “nomenclature”: Gran (+), Gram (-), No cell wall, and Archaebacteria.

Chapter 5. Eukaryote Organisms.

· Be familiar with unique eukaryotic features.

· You must know what groups of microorganisms are part of eukaryotes

· What evidence is there to support the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes? Implication for endosymbiotic theory.

· What are the functions of the following? Flagellum (how is it different from prokaryotes?), glycocalyx, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, ER, mitochondria, nucleus, cell membrane (this should be review from bio 181). Remember, I am interested in unique features!! For example, what do we mean by 9+2 arrangement?

· Survey of Eukaryotic organisms: FUNGI – Be familiar with a couple of medical important mycosis caused by this group. ALGAE – How are they medically important?

· PROTOZOA- be familiar with the 4 major groups (based on locomotion) and provide at least two examples of medically important organisms in this group. Be familiar with simple (Amoeba) and complex life cycles (Trypanosoma cruzi).

· Be familiar with the 3 major groups of helminthes and their unique (some of them) reproductive features.

· Provide at least two examples of medically important organisms in these groups. Be familiar with a simple (pinworm) and a complex (blood fluke) life cycle.